Research Paper for Othello Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

For Othello - Research Paper Example Jealousy, that is roused by suspicion and wounded pride, which could be reactions to prejudice, makes Othello the most celebrated text that explores the powers of these debilitating factors even over someone who is considered a hero (Collie 88-9). Shakespeare’s Othello is one of the earliest texts that depict racism against blacks (Iyasere, Iyasere, and Little 326). Normally, especially during Shakespearian days, the whites are the natural protagonists while the blacks are usually portrayed as antagonists. This depiction of a hero is unusual because Othello is shown as troubled with bitterness, delusions, and self-importance (Vaughn 180). He is a dignified, brilliant, heroic, and important figure in the Venetian army, yet despite this prominent status, his own insecurities make him prey to the selfish motives of Iago, the play’s villain (Jacobsen 502). The tragic part here is that no matter how great his status is, and no matter how admired he is by the people of Venice , the war strategies that make him win several battles do not win for him his battle at home, which ultimately resulted in the tragic end of Othello and his beloved Desdemona. Iago sees Othello’s jealousy for his wife Desdemona and decides to use it to his own advantage. He is able to manipulate Othello easily, even when Iago never once presented strong evidence about Desdemona’s infidelity. In fairness to Othello, the ideas that Iago convinces him of are very likely to happen, therefore, easy to believe (Jacobsen 503-4). However, if he knows his wife Desdemona well, it is also easy to see that these accusations are not only improbable, but ridiculous as well. In a scene in the play, Iago exclaims â€Å"Ha! I like not that.† (3.3.33) and â€Å"Cassio, my lord? No, sure, I cannot think it, That he would steal away so guilty-like, Seeing you coming.† (3.3.37-9). Here, it is obvious that Iago, lacking any solid proof, tries to plant ideas in Othello’s mind through manipulation. Iago acts like he is unwilling to confess the sordid details of the scene between Desdemona and Cassio, yet all the while uses a suggestive tone and drops hints that Desdemona is having an illicit affair with Cassio. This causes Othello to demand for more details, making it appear that he is dragging information out of Iago, while the truth is that Iago leads him into that trap of suspicion. This skillful manipulation ignites jealousy in Othello that is roused by the suspicion that Iago successfully implants in his head. These suspicions that rouse his jealousy cause constant speculations by different critics. Othello’s self-loathing is one popular idea. For example, making their marriage private instead of public could mean that he does not believe he is good enough for Desdemona (Vaughn 180). Othello is also portrayed as filled with contradicting characteristics. He promotes Cassio (1.1.18-21) but shows more trust to Iago; he kills his wife Desde mona (5.2.137-8) despite professing his overwhelming love and passion for her; he also kills himself (5.2.376-7) instead of facing the consequences of his crime despite being noted for his courage and dignity. His insecurity makes him gullible to Iago’s manipulations. It can be said that even without Iago’s exploitations of his insecurities, Othello would still be susceptible to suspicions one way or another (Vaughn 181). Despites his great accomplishments and elevated status in the society,

Pros And Cons Of Offshore Outsourcing Commerce Essay

Pros And Cons Of Offshore Outsourcing Commerce Essay In the new era offshore outsourcing has emerged as a very important and extensively adapted business strategy. Organisations across the globe consider outsourcing as a pathway to avail benefits of cost and effective resources of the country to which work is outsourced. Many organisation s in western markets offshore outsource their activities extensively to emerging market countries where there are location, cost and resource advantages to gain a competitive edge in the global market. The distinctive feature of offshore outsourcing is to provide uninterrupted service in order to meet the different time zones and gain customer satisfaction. Off shoring refers to the relocation of outsourced activities across countries. In the process of outsourcing, initially a particular activity is generalized across firms, then the shift of the location of the vendor can cause off shoring. Chandrasekhar Ghosh, 2006, p.92 The main reason for any organisation to offshore outsource their activities is to gain extended benefits and increase net profits. It is also adapted to achieve various cost, product, and differentiation advantages. It is a known fact that companies outsource various activities depending upon the country in which it is good at and this comes from the educational system and standards followed by that country. India, for example is most preferred destinations for the service and IT industries owing to the advantages like cheap labour, effective skills, language consistency and courtesy. Outsourcing is successful and effective cost saving strategy when applied in a legitimate way. For any buy decision, taken by the companies in west the most attractive solution would be to offshore outsource to destinations across the globe. WESTERN COMPANIES ADVANTAGES:- The major advantages for western companies by offshore outsourcing their activities would be tax benefits, cheap labour and increased productivity. It enables the firm to lower supply cost by relocating production to countries where inputs and labour costs are lower. Thomson, the French consumer electronics group, transferred the production of some of its video cassette models from Germany to Singapore to take the advantage of the latters lower cost base. Outsourcing services to India is continuously rising because of its various advantages like advanced technology, cheap talented labour, infrastructure and other facilities. Western companies will improve their brand name by customer satisfaction and substantial profits by offshore outsourcing. Microsoft, software giant in USA offshore outsource their customer service and technical support activities to destinations such as India which has no language barriers, good quality infrastructure, stable government policies, supporting labour laws and other favourable factors. The market for home country products is extended; for example: IT firms in India working for US companies will buy US computers and related equipment. 40% of the fortune 500 companies are strongly interested in the software outsourcing model because the average cost savings by adopting this is in the range of 40% to 70%. The companies can escape from various laws and restrictions imposed by the home country and hence reduce production costs by outsourcing production channels. It is adapted by majority of the car manufacturing companies. Ford Motors, USA based car manufacturing company has shifted 70% of their production units to Mexico owing to stringent environmental and emission laws imposed by USA. Free trade across European Union has also favoured many motor companies to shift their production units to Eastern European countries to exploit cheap labour and resources. DISADVANTAGES:- The direct relationship between employees and companies are lost due to distance and communication gap. Risk in transferring technology and know-how, this can be copied by its market competitors in the host country. The company faces a potential threat from the employees and competitors as their technical information can be leaked anywhere and spreads like a rapid fire. This has a direct impact on the companys brand name and sales. Dell for example, is basically a US based company but its activities such as manufacturing, customer and technical support are outsourced on a global scale. Many competitors took advantage of unmotivated employees, gained access to technical information and manufactured similar kind of products with same features and services. The same is the case with Chinese firms. It is a common sight to find any duplicate of consumer goods of western brands appearing to be exactly same for 80% cheaper price in the Shanghai local black market. Offshore outsourcing carries the risk of lower quality products and lower standards because of lack of training and effective controls by home company. EMERGING MARKET COMPANIES ADVANTAGES:- People always look forward for something new every day! Emerging market companies can grow and create new brand name by satisfying this similar need of flock across different markets in the world. For example, Hyundai motor company is in the process of growing into brand appreciation by its customer as it is determined to achieve the goal of making better quality product. It also builds its image as a top global automobile company by handling every task transparency from the perspective of business ethics. Foreign direct investment plays an important role by focusing on emerging economies than developed economies. By increase in inflow of FDI by the global company into emerging market the revenue and sales increases thus increase in standard of living. By establishment of Microsoft, IBM and Oracle in metropolitan cities of India, it has enormously resulted in increase in income and spending capacity of people. Technology and skills are transferred from western companies to the emerging market. This creates waves and builds up competitive spirit in emerging companies thus improved productivity by the emerging market companies is achieved. DISADVANTAGES:- Small and medium companies in emerging markets suffer from low revenues and profit margins by presence of highly competitive brands. By establishment of several clothing western brands in India, several yarn farmers to the cloth sellers in the supply chain have shut their doors for business. It is observed that some companies which emerged has not succeeded due to lack of co-ordination and good relationship with their service provider. WORKFORCE OF WESTERN COUNTRIES ADVANTAGES:- Workforce in western countries builds group and individual learning techniques to promote self awareness and professional development. Employees are trained with World class design and delivery designs and finally from their experience they are improved in learning intervention. Employees are motivated by providing benefits and incentives for a better performance of the company. McDonalds, for example provides potential benefits to its employees and thus retains its employees to work better for more benefits. Highly talented and multi skilled employees are given more benefits like increase in salary and bonus facility. The first preference is given to employees who work inside the home other than outside the country. The companies who initially invested in fringe countries of south-east Asia such as Taiwan, Thailand, Singapore and Malaysia are now investing in China due to their highly technical and knowledge skilled labour. DISADVANTAGES:- Decline in operation and manufacturing process in home country, which leads to loss of jobs and thus create unemployment in ones own country. Inefficiency shown in the progress of work and lack of knowledge for which employees expect training for each and every task, thus increases the expenses. Dell computers returned its business help desk from India to North America because of an increase in complaints from its customers about Indian employees as they were lacking in solving complex computer problems. The workforce of western companies faces a tough competition on a global scale. They are less motivated because of job insecurity and pay cuts. WORKFORCE OF EMERGING MARKET COMPANIES ADVANTAGES:- Employees desire to work in such emerging companies as their payrolls will be high when compared to local companies. These are large companies in which employees professional life grow faster with attractive salary package. If one wants to visit the world and have the capabilities to communicate with different kind of people they have an opportunity to work in such field and thus changes their lifestyle. TESCO, for example a U.K. based company which outsources all its payroll, service and supply chain control operations to India. Employees who work offshore for this company are given an opportunity to switch their jobs if promoted to a higher level and get a chance to work in U.K. This is regarded as a dream come true for any typical middle class Indian employee. It creates motivation and lifts the spirits of workforce, hence job satisfaction is achieved. DISADVANTAGES:- Expatriate assignments can be very expensive, maintenance cost of expatriates in a host country range from three to ten times the cost of domestic employees with similar responsibilities. Sometimes employees are not motivated properly which results in failure to achieve the assignment goals and thus reported at disturbing levels. Employees are made to work overtime and not paid properly. The employees of the western market dependant companies are seriously affected if there is any financial crisis or economy imbalance in that country. For example, Indian software employees are directly hit by the recession in the USA or UK. If there is no business for the firm the dependant workforces in the outsourced countries suffer from losing out their jobs.

Thoreau and King, Jr. :: American America History

Thoreau and King, Jr. There are times throughout the history of the United States when its citizens have felt the need to revolt against the government. There were such cases during the time of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Henry David Thoreau, when there was unfair discrimination against the Afro-American community and Americans refusing to pay poll taxes to support the Mexican War. They used civil disobedience to eventually get legislation to stop the injustice brought against them and their nation. Civil disobedience is defined as refusal to obey civil laws or decrees, which usually takes the form of passive resistance. People practicing civil disobedience break a law because they consider the law unjust, and want to call attention to its injustice, hoping to bring about its withdrawal. Thoreau wrote "Civil Disobedience" in 1849 after spending a night in the Walden town jail for refusing to pay a poll tax that supported the Mexican War. He recommended passive resistance as a form of tension that could lead to reform of unjust laws practiced by the government. He voiced civil disobedience as "An expression of the individual's liberty to create change" (Thoreau 530). Thoreau felt that the government had established order that resisted reform and change. "Action from principle, the perception and the performance of right, changes things and relations; it is essentially revolutionary" (Thoreau 531). Thoreau refused to pay the poll tax because the money was being used to finance the Mexican War. Not only was Thoreau against the war itself but the war was over Texas which was to be used as a slave state. His friend Staples offered to pay the tax for him, but to Thoreau it wasn't the tax he was objected to, it was how the money would be used. He believed strongly against paying money to a war he did not support, and would rather end up in jail than go against his will. A certain passage shows how strong he felt when he said "Your money is your life, why should I haste to give it my money?" (Thoreau 538). It was important to Thoreau to get the public informed about the War, and make people think why it was wrong to support it. Thoreau didn't rally hundreds and thousands of people together to get reactions. Instead he went to jail to protest and wrote his essay "Civil Disobedience". His statements were to get people to think and take their own approach to the situation.

Analysis And Reflection On A Science Activity Undertaken

This assignment will look into the effectual instruction of scientific discipline in the foundation phase and cardinal phase 1 by reflecting upon a scientific discipline activity undertaken during Autumn Attachment. It will discourse the of import points in scientific discipline instruction such as evocation, practical activities, distinction and the importance of appraisal. The great importance of learning scientific discipline in schools can be made clear by looking at the undermentioned points. The schools in general should learn kids the basic information and accomplishments of the scientific disciplines every bit good as the indispensable rules of scientific thought and job resolution. The purpose must be to prosecute the kids, to acquire them interested. Teachers should seek and avoid kids from holding bad experiences of scientific discipline and as a consequence disliking it. Primary school instruction is particularly of import. When learning lessons that cover the basic scientific constructs it can organize the footing of what could turn into a lasting involvement in scientific discipline. The kids need to be excited and motivated by scientific discipline in order for them to larn. One scientific undertaking that explored immature kids ‘s apprehension of scientific discipline was the SPACE undertaking ( the scientific discipline procedure and construct geographic expedition undertaking ) . Working within a constructivist model it explored 12 different countries of scientific discipline. The kids ‘s apprehension was investigated before a 6 hebdomad spread, it was so looked at once more to see if there had been any alterations. The consequences obtained from this survey led to 8 major research studies and a set of course of study stuffs ( Nuffield Primary Science ) being published and developed. SPACE was a classroom-based undertaking. It ‘s purpose was to set up the thoughts that primary school kids had in peculiar scientific discipline construct countries and the possibility of kids altering their thoughts as a consequence of relevant experiences. The joint managers of the survey were Doctor Wynne Harlen and Professor Paul Black. The undertaki ng was based upon the thought that kids develop their thoughts through the experiences they have therefore the purpose was to set up the above points.Ball experiment:During Autumn Attachment I led an activity affecting the usage of the senses and proving theories. The kids were shown 5 different balls. They were asked to touch and look at each ball one at a clip and give a brief description of how the ball looked and felt. They were so asked to give an appraisal of how many times they thought the ball would resile, based on how the ball looked and felt. The balls were so dropped from the same tallness and so kids counted each of the bouncinesss. The existent figure of bouncinesss was so written down following to the kids ‘s conjectures so the kids could compare their conjectures to the existent figure of bouncinesss. This activity involved the kids holding to utilize their senses, both touch and sight, to come up with a sensible conjecture of how many bouncinesss there would b e. They had to utilize their anterior cognition of balls they had experience of resiling in order to come up with their conjectures. When be aftering for this activity it would hold been utile to execute an evocation activity. It is really of import to find what present the kids are working at and to learn them harmonizing to their ability. Evocation is a stipulation to altering the kids ‘s different constructs. There are three conditions that are necessary for of import acquisition to take topographic point. The stuff that is presented must do sense or lucifer experience. The kid must cognize plenty relevant information and they need to be able to larn meaningfully. I unluckily did non show such an activity. If I had it would hold allowed me to be after the activity more efficaciously and derive better responses from the kids as I would hold better understood the kids ‘s degrees and had a better thought of what the kids already knew. ‘Scaffolding ‘ is an of import facet of kid development. Vygotsky defined it as the â€Å" function of instructors and others in back uping the scholar †˜s development and supplying support constructions to acquire to that following phase or degree † . The scaffolds allow a pupil ‘s to construct on anterior cognition and retrieve new information. This is merely what is so of import in the instruction of scientific discipline. Children should be able to construct on the anterior cognition they have with support from the instructor and the experiences they are offered. This is why evocation is so of import. In order to construct on a kid ‘s anterior cognition we must foremost larn what their anterior cognition is. I did nevertheless, consider distinction. Differentiation provides chances for kids of all abilities to show what they know, what they understand and what they can make. It involves offering the kids undertakings which enable them to demo some grounds of what they are capable of at their best. There are two ways to distinguish an activity ; distinction by result and distinction by undertaking. Differentiation by outcome involves all kids set abouting the same undertaking and the distinction is based on the quality of work or response given by the kids. Differentiation by undertaking involves the kids being set a specific undertaking based on their ability degrees. The undertakings may be differentiated on the footing of trouble, the sum of construction or the sum of counsel given or it could be all three. The activity I led was differentiated by result. The kids were all asked to take part in the same undertaking but the quality of the replies and responses given differed based on th e ability of each kid. There are both advantages and disadvantages for each type of distinction. In distinction by outcome the undertaking can be used by each kid and a comparing can be made between their abilities. It avoids holding to judge which students would be suited to which undertaking. It is nevertheless, rather hard to come up with a undertaking that will offer counsel and support for lower degree kids whilst non keeping back the higher degree kids. In the instance of my activity it was non needfully designed to provide for all ability groups in the category. The lower winners found it rather hard to come up with suited words to depict each ball every bit good as sensible estimations when thinking how many times the ball would resile. Again, an evocation activity would hold been improbably utile as it would demo what level the kids are at for that peculiar country of cognition and apprehension. It may besides hold been better to offer somewhat different undertakings coveri ng the same country of larning for the different abilities of the category. Distinguishing by undertaking allows the undertaking to be matched to the ability of the kid so all degrees of ability can see some success. Although the lower ability kids may hold taken away something from the activity they may hold gotten more from it had it been catered for their specific ability. It may hold besides helped to force the higher winners further by offering them an activity that was a little more ambitious than the one set. Measuring students advancement is another of import facet in order to estimate patterned advance. For this peculiar activity I chose to execute formative appraisal. This was due to the nature of the activity. The kids did non bring forth any written work that could hold been assessed. Formative appraisal, besides known as appraisal for larning ( AoF ) is all about measuring advancement, analyzing the information and eating back in a positive manner. This is so that any actions to be taken can be agreed by the kid and the instructor. It besides allows the learning methods to be changed so that any demands, of the kid, that have been identified can be met. Assessment for larning involves sharing any learning ends with the kids, self-assessment and peer reappraisal. Assessment for larning or formative appraisal is an on-going procedure and encourages the kids to take more duty for their ain acquisition. It besides involves the kids being aware of what they are larning and the intent of it. In hindsight this is something that I should hold implemented in my activity. Although they kids appeared to bask it and acquire involved, all offering their ain sentiments and positions, they likely did non cognize or understand why they were making it. Giving feedback to the kids is an of import facet after appraisal. Research has shown that giving feedback on mistakes and offering the chance for the kids to place their ain schemes for bettering their work in the hereafter is straight linked to important betterment. It is critical nevertheless, non to compare one kid to another or do mention to kids ‘s ability. It is besides thought that rating work can hold a negative consequence on public presentation and should hence be avoided. During this activity I made certain to promote kids to believe of new descriptive words and offered congratulations for any original or â€Å" out of the box † thought. I besides offered verbal congratulations for things that certain ki ds did that were good for them ; this was different depending on the ability of the kid. Due to the nature of this activity there was no written appraisal involved, this is nevertheless, another signifier of formative appraisal. It assess each kid ‘s advancement and offers constructive feedback. Written feedback can include teacher-led appraisal and child self-assessment. I decided to be after a practical activity as the kids in this peculiar category had small experience of scientific discipline activities and it was of import to capture their attending and excite them. Practical activities are one of the chief characteristics of learning scientific discipline. There are 4 chief functions of practical activities. They are used for deriving information, constructs and rules ; for developing procedure accomplishments ; to heighten acquisition of the nature of scientific discipline and for bettering attitudes towards scientific discipline. Although larning about scientific constructs is considered to be one the most of import facets, there is small grounds to propose that practical activities add to the acquisition of these constructs. What there is small uncertainty about nevertheless, is that practical activities change peoples positions of scientific discipline, that they about ever better kids ‘s enjoyment of scientific discipline and that pro cedure accomplishments are more efficaciously taught. They provide a common set of experiences for the kids that can be used in treatments with the whole category or with persons. It was surely the best pick for this group of kids. They were engaged and excited about the constructs they were larning approximately and this helped them to be engaged for a drawn-out period of clip. It is besides more likely that the kids will retrieve the experience of physically resiling the balls to work out the job instead than merely discoursing it. Scientific question is thought to be a really of import facet of learning scientific discipline within the National Curriculum. It gives instructors the chance to force the pupils frontward and to heighten their apprehension of the topic. By leting the kids to take portion in probes it allows them to inquire inquiries, use their experimental accomplishments to come up with sensible accounts for why things happen and investigate facets of the universe.Decision:I have to hold that scientific question is a really of import facet of learning scientific discipline. Children need to be able to inquire inquiries and figure things out for themselves. In order for this to go on I feel that practical experiences of scientific constructs is something all kids should acquire the opportunity to take portion in during scientific discipline lessons, particularly in primary schools. Children need to hold strong, positive experiences of scientific discipline for a solid foundation for the hereafter. Peoples of all ages remember more of what they do that of what they hear, hence, I feel to learn scientific discipline efficaciously there needs to be practical activities offered to kids. This is non the lone of import facet of scientific discipline instruction, nor is the lone thing needed in order to learn scientific discipline efficaciously. Evocation activities need to take topographic point so that the kids ‘s abilities and cognition can be noted and the lessons differentiated consequently. For the kids to hold genuinely meaningful experiences they need to experience like they can fall in in. Therefore the lessons need to provide for all. Assessment, excessively, is critical. It is needed to maintain path of the kids ‘s advancement and their abilities. In short, kids need to hold solid, positive experiences that are catered towards their demands in order to hold a positive mentality on larning the scientific disciplines.

Federal Mandates Essay

Through out the 1930’s, Federalism began to grow along with an increased power towards federal grants and mandates due to the effects of the Depression. During the New Deal the Supreme Court ruled that national spending was not limited to just specific grants any more. The national government now had the power to grant, fund, and mandate money to any state under what conditions they choose. Currently Congress can imply considerable control over the states by placing federal money to particular federal mandates. Over the past 25 years Federalism has dramatically changed as a result of an increase in federal mandates. Starting with Jimmy Carter trying to return the government to Creative Federalism, he wanted to give federal aid to poor communities and to use public funds to promote private investment for certain problems while trying to create a partnership between state and national government. On the other hand, Ronald Reagan reigned against big government during his four-year term from 1981-1988. In the end he decreased national spending towards states, which made many American citizens very unhappy. President George Bush stepped into to office next with a plan to continue with Reagan’s downsizing of government. While trying to carry out this goal, Bush lowered welfare spending, increased education programs and environmental protection, while increases in the cost of Medicaid rose, leading to a national grant increase. Bill Clinton reversed the system when he signed the Executive Order 13803, which allows for federal intervention in policy matters with state and local government. Many agreed that this order seriously eroded federalism. Through out the past 25 years, the ideas of government  grants and mandates have varied almost from each president. With Clinton in office he increased under-funded federal mandates to states. These changes have caused Federalism t o change as well, with the age-old question still pondering in the minds of Americans, who actually has the most power, the states or national government? In 1990 a federal mandate was passed called the Americans with Disability Act The Federal Law makes it illegal for employers to discriminate on the basis of a disability. It makes it illegal for an employer to discriminate against a qualified individual with a disability in job application process, hiring, discharge of employee, job training, and other terms. Also all businesses must make accommodation for employees with a disability. In addition, it is unlawful to discriminate against a person who is perceived to have a disability, that is if the employer believes one is disabled, even though he is not, and still discriminates against him. The Federal Government issued this mandate in order to ensure that all American citizens have the same advantages. Although a citizen might be disabled, it does not mean that he or she is in capable of working. It is unfair to discriminate against a person with a disability when our country was founded on treating all citizens with equality and ensuring uniform rights for all. Enforcing this act would reduce the number of citizens needing welfare and decrease the unemployment rate. Many mandates affect both the state and local government budgets. Several mandates are associated with federal grant-in-aid programs, where money is paid to state and local governments for programs or activities the federal government wants to promote. While participation in these programs is â€Å"voluntary†, the offer of federal money often is too tempting for states to refuse. For example, the federal government pays about $250 million annually for Minnesota highways. However, the money comes with requirements, such as lane width and pavement thickness. Other mandates apply to both government and the private sector these include the Occupational Safety and Health Administration and the Americans With Disabilities Act. These two mandates are costly and come with no financial assistance. Private sectors include small business; such as my father’s very own physical therapy clinics. In 1990 when the law was past, he had to make accommodations for disabled citizens. Although my father does treat many disable citizens already, he had to make further modification to his clinics such as; even larger bathrooms, special equipment, and wheelchair ramps to meet the federal mandate standards while funding the project by himself. If the government were to remove this federal mandate, the Americans with Disability Act, many consequences would follow. This act enables all  citizens a chance to earn a job. With this mandate the government is ensuring the same equal rights to all Americans. Also with the mandate doctors are not allowed to â€Å"say† if a patient is able to return to work or not after being disabled . The doctors are now only authorized to state the patient’s limitations, it is up to the employer to claim if the patient is unable to work. This one factor allows more citizens with disabilities to work. If the mandate were removed then fewer citizens would return to work, due to the fact that doctors would have to title all patients â€Å"disabled† if they had any sort of limitation. The increase of federal mandates does show that the national governments are taking control over the states governments, which defeats the idea of Federalism. When using a federal system of government, both the state and the national government are suppose to SHARE power. Federal mandates work against the definition of true Federalism. Mandates do not contribute to the sharing of powers. Federal mandates control states. The states do not have a chose to participate in the mandate or not. Therefore, federal mandates drive our country away from the ideas of Federalism.

Is it glorious to die for youre country essays

Is it glorious to die for youre country essays Is it glorious to die for your country?.... This question has been posed to many young people about to embark on war although the answer has usually been yes in response to their country due mainly to the fact that the government instills it in the people of the country to support one's country and one way is to send young abled bodied men into the army. If you were one individual that was not in favour of fighting for your country you would surely become an outcast by the countries people. To avoid ridicule and becoming outcasted by the people living around you, you would join the army just in the thought that you were obligated to for the sole sake of your country. Such thoughts were reinforced by the government promotion of propaganda. Glorifying death is not needed to be taught and should be up to the sole individual. School systems should teach an unbiased point of view of war to enable the child to make their own decision to fight for one's country. Is it Glorious to Die for your Country? Within the education system it was instructed to the teachers to teach the children at a young age during the brink of war to instill that their the life of the country and for them to defend their country against the enemy. Teachers showed being in a army was representing honour and the pride of the country. Guilt was laid on the students who showed rebellion by the teacher. Many times the teacher would try to show a soldier that looks happy and content trying to represent being a soldier makes you happy and content. Many young inexperienced soldiers were sent to training camps near the battle fields that they would soon be sent to fight, for their country and their life. The training camps were situated on similar enviroments that resembled the battle fields of where the fighting would take place. Reinforced displine to the young and ignorant men. Trench warfare is ...

Free Essays on Urban Sprawl

As I stroll the streets of Downtown Davenport, to investigate the latest flood, I couldn’t help but notice a theme that resonated through most of the buildings, streets, and housing around that area: poverty. I toured the area known as the Gold Coast of Davenport, a historic neighborhood of grand Victorian houses that is directly north of Downtown Davenport, and I was saddened to see an area that has been forgotten. Although attempts have been made to restore many homes, most of what was once examples of the splendor of architecture and the homes of the elite of this city have now been abandoned of hope, overlooked as viable housing and left to deteriorate. Then I drive to Super-target. On my way I see structures such as car washes, fast-food restaurants and parking lots claiming what used to be farmland. What once was rich soil and grasslands has now been replaced by offensive architecture, overrun by chain stores†¦ and I see no end in sight. In this paper, I will explore the forces that have driven the expansion of cities like Davenport across the United States, investigate the consequences of these augmentations, and inform you of progress that has been made to stop policies that encourage this unsustainable growth. This phenomena is what is commonly referred to as urban sprawl. I would define urban sprawl as poorly planned and uncoordinated development that pushes the relocation of residential and commercial structures to the furthest fringes of an existing community, often along it’s highways and encroaching on it’s rural countryside. Some traits that mark urban sprawl are seemingly boundless outward growth, sparsely populated new developments, and great fiscal inequality among new communities of the original city. In order for us to better understand how to control, improve, and fuel sustainable growth, we must first look at the initial factors that have caused this unchecked growth. Suburban growth began as an... Free Essays on Urban Sprawl Free Essays on Urban Sprawl As I stroll the streets of Downtown Davenport, to investigate the latest flood, I couldn’t help but notice a theme that resonated through most of the buildings, streets, and housing around that area: poverty. I toured the area known as the Gold Coast of Davenport, a historic neighborhood of grand Victorian houses that is directly north of Downtown Davenport, and I was saddened to see an area that has been forgotten. Although attempts have been made to restore many homes, most of what was once examples of the splendor of architecture and the homes of the elite of this city have now been abandoned of hope, overlooked as viable housing and left to deteriorate. Then I drive to Super-target. On my way I see structures such as car washes, fast-food restaurants and parking lots claiming what used to be farmland. What once was rich soil and grasslands has now been replaced by offensive architecture, overrun by chain stores†¦ and I see no end in sight. In this paper, I will explore the forces that have driven the expansion of cities like Davenport across the United States, investigate the consequences of these augmentations, and inform you of progress that has been made to stop policies that encourage this unsustainable growth. This phenomena is what is commonly referred to as urban sprawl. I would define urban sprawl as poorly planned and uncoordinated development that pushes the relocation of residential and commercial structures to the furthest fringes of an existing community, often along it’s highways and encroaching on it’s rural countryside. Some traits that mark urban sprawl are seemingly boundless outward growth, sparsely populated new developments, and great fiscal inequality among new communities of the original city. In order for us to better understand how to control, improve, and fuel sustainable growth, we must first look at the initial factors that have caused this unchecked growth. Suburban growth began as an...

Program vs. Programme

Program vs. Programme Program vs. Programme Program vs. Programme By Ali Hale One of our readers wrote to ask if we could clarify the difference between program and programme. The Noun: Program or Programme? The basic difference is between different languages: American English always uses program British English uses programme unless referring to computers Australian English recommends program for official usage, but programme is still in common use. The word program was predominant in the UK until the 19th century, when the spelling programme became more common largely as a result of influence from French, which has the same word programme. So, if youre writing in British English (either as part of an examination, if youre studying English, or for a British publication), heres some examples of how to use programme and program correctly: Were still drawing up the programme for the concert. This computer program wont run on my PC. I missed my favourite television programme last night. The Verb: To Program, Programmed, Programming The word program is also a verb, as in Ill program the computer today. In this case, both American and British English use to program. These forms are also valid in American English: programed programing But the Oxford English Dictionary recommends the double-m instead, which is in far more widespread usage: programmed programming If in doubt, and writing for a publication, check whether or not they have a style guide or a rule on which form of the verb to use. When youre writing for yourself, just make sure youre consistent. Program and Programme on Newspapers It is a commercial obligation of all 72 Football League teams to have a printed programme for every home game but clubs will vote on whether this will continue (www.theguardian.com) National Citizen Service, which was launched in 2011, brings together young people from different backgrounds for a programme of personal and social development. It offers a three- to four-week part-residential programme where 15- to 1 (www.theguardian.com) New York Times sponsor a subscription program allows you to make a contribution that provides Times digital subscriptions to public schools and student (www.nytimes.com) said Wednesday that members of its rewards program will be able to see up to three movies a week for $19.95 a month as part of its Stubs A-List tier. The movie (www.usatoday.com) Video Recap Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Coordinating vs. Subordinating ConjunctionsExcited ABOUT, not "for" Starting a Business Letter with Dear Mr.

History of Food in Mexico Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

History of Food in Mexico - Research Paper Example They are also the ones who introduced chocolates to the Spanish. Regionally, north of Mexico is known for arrachera cut, carne asada dishes. The south part of the country is known for conchinita pibil. Generally, other vegetables and chicken based dishes (Mexico Adventure, 1999). Spain civilization in 1521 brought about fusion of Spanish foods such as pigs, garlic, dairy products and spices with the Mexican traditional cuisine. This was later followed by assimilation of several other cuisines like Portuguese, South Americans and French. In addition, various regions in the country experience different climatic conditions and are of different ethnicities. These are among the reasons why today Mexican foods vary with regions and are a variety (World-food-and-wine. n.d.). Despite the food variety and influence of Mexican dishes there has been the dominance of traditional spices like oregano, cumin and chill powder. The objective of meals being leisurely shared and enjoyed has still remained intact. Furthermore, there are foods mostly taken during various religious and holiday

The Zonk Air Accident Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Zonk Air Accident - Research Paper Example The research paper "The Zonk Air Accident" talks about the air accident that occurred at the Tahoe Airport on the 7th of November 2010. This paper also contains a conclusion, which is a summary of the major points contained in it. This paper takes a stand that there are a variety of factors responsible for the air accident involving the Zonk aircraft. These factors range from poor weather conditions, the inefficiency of the pilot, and poor management from the company. One of the causes that are given for the fatal air accident is the inefficiency of the new pilot, which was brought about because of lack of experience and inadequate training. The pilot was new hired, and he had done a total of 300 hours in flight. Of these 300 hours, the pilot had done 50 hours on twin engine air craft’s, and only 15 hours on the air a model of PA 31 (Weil, 2012). Furthermore, the pilot did not have sufficient training on meteorological conditions. He only had some 5 hours of such kind of training (Weil, 2012). Furthermore, before the accident, the pilot had only flown some three air craft’s for the Zonk Company, and before flying the aircraft, he did not fly for the company for a period of 10 days. This is an indication that the pilot was not experienced and qualified enough to handle this aircraft. Because of inadequate training in meteorology, the pilot was unable to navigate in the harsh weather conditions. And the management is also to blame because they allowed an inexperienced pilot to fly such kind of a plane.

Journal Entry Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Journal Entry - Article Example Our parents did not teach us to breathe or to swallow. We learned to walk on our own and we picked up speech without the aid of a teacher. There was some coaching involved along the way. We were encouraged to form certain words and rewarded for making the correct sounds. We were likewise penalized and punished for incorrect grammar and pronunciation. Perhaps there was an intuitive process that neither our parents nor we were consciously aware of. We imitated what we heard our parents say as best we could by parroting and repeating simple sounds and phrases. Some experts see the environment and the exposure to language as a critical element in learning a to speak. Other experts see language as a unique skill, its proficiency ruled by an inborn program that will rise out of us with no prodding by parents or the environment However, some exposure to language is necessary and learning a language depends on that exposure. The language a child acquires is that of his/her environment or surroundings. The fact that has already been tested and proven is that children who are deprived of language or a language environment simply do not begin to speak spontaneously. This was the instance in the well-known case of Genie. If we study the way a child interacts with their environment and the way adults provide feedback to a young child, we will see that there is a myriad of ways that they are provided to acquire language. The child will usually focus on the language of the mother due to the maternal bond. The parents provide a framework for learning many other routine tasks such as using eating utensils and bathing. It is the secure atmosphere of parental trust and interaction that language first begins to be uttered. The first sounds are usually the intuitive "ma" that is universal among children of all nationalities. As the sounds of the mother and father become more formalized, the emotion motivates the child to copy and to learn. Eventually, the child

Examination of Sadie Bennings Video Diaries Essay

Examination of Sadie Bennings Video Diaries - Essay Example There are many theoretical points which Russell points out in her article to prove the validity of her interpretation in Benning’s work. These would be:  Ã‚  Ã‚   †¢Ã‚  A Sense of self stuck in understanding and surveillance. Russell is backed by Walter Benjamin to justify that personalized experience and observation play paramount roles in auto ethnography (Ho, 12). For example Benjamin argues that â€Å"Theory the philosophy and intellectual life as inseparable from his own experience of modernity and his identity as a German Jew.† Here Benjamin does permeate his script in the form of experience as opposed to quintessence. He perceived his own life as a composition of public reality this if sensed keenly, Susan Back-moss argues that â€Å"no individual could live a resolved life in a social world that was neither.† (p.276) †¢Ã‚  Dramatization of subjectivity. Russell says that it is â€Å"no longer essential to have a revealing of the essential sel f but a representation of self as a performance This is a position of â€Å"discursive anxiety and articulations.† It is in the text depicted that, auto ethnography is the most likely to be the truck and the strategy that shall be used for exigent of obligatory outward appearances of individuality. It is too used for exploring the discursive potential of inauthentic subjectivities†¢Ã‚  Ethnography as structure of self-fashioning. Russell argues that the ethnographer represents himself as the as a â€Å"the fiction that does inscribe the doublings within the ethnographic text†.... These would be: A Sense of self stuck in understanding and surveillance. Russell is backed by Walter Benjamin to justify that personalized experience and observation play paramount roles in auto ethnography (Ho, 12). For example Benjamin argues that â€Å"Theory the philosophy and intellectual life as inseparable from his own experience of modernity and his identity as a German Jew.† Here Benjamin does permeate his script in the form of experience as opposed to quintessence. He perceived his own life as a composition of public reality this if sensed keenly, Susan Back-moss argues that â€Å"no individual could live a resolved life in a social world that was neither.† (p.276) Dramatization of subjectivity. Russell says that it is â€Å"no longer essential to have a revealing of the essential self but a representation of self as a performance This is a position of â€Å"discursive anxiety and articulations.† It is in the text depicted that, auto ethnography is the most likely to be the truck and the strategy that shall be used for exigent of obligatory outward appearances of individuality. It is too used for exploring the discursive potential of inauthentic subjectivities Ethnography as structure of self-fashioning. Russell argues that the ethnographer represents himself as the as a â€Å"fiction that does inscribe the doublings within the ethnographic text†: â€Å"It fashion and individual with the authority to represent and to interpret and even to believe though with ironical aspects the truth that surround the discrepant world†. The other aspect includes the oxymoronic label of auto ethnography. This is announcing of the full go kaput of the colonialist teachings of the ethnography and the critical gusto for it’s variety

Essential Tips for Becoming a Better Swimmer Essay

Essential Tips for Becoming a Better Swimmer - Essay Example Practice makes an individual a good swimmer. A beginner should start from shallow waters. After the individual has developed perfection in shallow swimming, gradually, the depth of water should be increased. The importance of different techniques of swimming in making the experience of swimming rich and fulfilling cannot be overemphasized. To be a good swimmer, it is very important to actually enjoy it. Certain exercises help to make the experience very enjoyable. One such exercise is floating on the surface of the water. this exercise requires feeling the air in the stomach and lying straight on the surface of the water. It exercise makes the swimmer feel like flying in the air. One does not need to plunge into the depth of water in order to do this exercise. Once an individual's association with water and swimming has been established with the help of such exercises, the next step is to learn deep diving. This is a very critical step in the process of learning swimming and one need s close administration and supervision in order to deter any accidents.Before starting the swimming sessions, it is important to realize that the swimming experience of a pool is different from the swimming experience of any other water reservoir e.g. river and ocean etc. Since the volume of a swimming pool is limited, there is less chance of development of large water waves that are usually encountered while swimming in a river or an ocean. This imparts a need for pool swimmers attempting to dive in a river or an ocean to take extra precautions measures which include but not limited to wearing safety jackets, goggles, clippers, and ideally oxygen cylinder.Before diving in the water, one of the precautionary measures is to fill the air in the stomach because the air filled stomach prevents a swimmer from drowning and helps the swimmer keep close to the surface. In order to go down and touch the base of a swimming pool, an individual needs do exhale all the air before diving into the water. The real challenge for a swimmer is to reach the surface of water in such a condition. In such circumstances, one should move the legs in a cyclic motion and wave the water away from right above the head with the help of both arms. Imagining the upward motion of a frog in the water helps in such a case. Still, it may take several sessions of intense exercise and practice to master the art of reaching the surface of water from the base of a reservoir. It is very important to maintain emotional balance in swimming.

Marketing Mix Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing Mix - Essay Example All the element s of the marketing mix can affect consumers is multiple ways. Therefore, marketing mix is used by firms to achieve its objectives (Lancaster and Reynolds 2003). This happens when these marketing tools are employed by an organization to pursue the target market marketing of a product entails creating an excellent marketing mix with the right product being matched with the right price, suitable proportions and in the right place. When developing a befitting marketing program for an organization, the marketing manager is required to weigh behavioral forces before juggling marketing mix elements while taking into account the resources at his disposal. The organization must consider itself as a single organism in a world of complex forces. Many other industries are competing with the industry in which the firm is only a part of (Brassington and Pettit 2006). The marketing department must develop a mix of procedures that make maximum use of the available resources. Marketer s are required to look for opportunities in the method of operation. A small organization cannot use procedures from large organizations. Though the two companies may deal with similar products, they are likely to be different in many respects. A compelling example is the industrial goods industry. Small companies go for regional sales as opposed to national distribution that is practiced by large corporations. Small companies go for limited and specialized fields of operation while large organizations seek to patronize full lines. The marketing mix of a company is largely the result of evolution that comes from day-to-day marketing. The marketing mix represents programs that marketers have evolved to meet challenges with which they are constantly faced in a dynamic and ever changing market. They can be referred to as tactical maneuvers. New products are faced with aggressive promotions. Sometimes a price change initiated by a competitor must be met and accurately considered. In cas e of faltering sales must be stimulated while declines must be remedied. Marketing mix helps replace advertising approach, which has lost effectiveness (Lancaster and Reynolds 2003). Marketers need to maintain effective channels for information that relates to the operation of companies. This includes consumer behaviors, trade and competitors. Short range forces contribute a large part of the marketing mix which helps in the allocation of expenditures. Dynamics of the 4Ps Past empiricism and foresight dictate the plans and procedures that contribute to the marketing mix. Marketers need to have an idea as to what should be done so as to be remaining successful in a dynamic market. Long-range plans are vital in economic, technological and natural trends must be successfully managed by marketers in a turbulence market. Marketing mix allocation of resources and planning has taken prominence in many companies whose aim is to optimize spending. Marketers are under intense pressure achieve their targets with the available resources. Marketing mix seeks to strike a balance with regard to strategy and achieving organizational goals (Brassington and Pettit 2006). Marketing mix is both strategy and procedure that facilitates effective allocation of organizational resources with an aim of striking a proper balance. Marketers must use the mix in order to make the goals and organizational progress sustainable. Pricing must take into account the quality of the product and the prices of similar commodities in the market without affecting the profitability of the organization. Marketers can plan accurately when they have a functional marketing mix. Marketing mix concept is relatively simple. The concept reveals facts about areas which should be addressed. They serve as a guide to management

Essential Tips for Becoming a Better Swimmer Essay

Essential Tips for Becoming a Better Swimmer - Essay Example Practice makes an individual a good swimmer. A beginner should start from shallow waters. After the individual has developed perfection in shallow swimming, gradually, the depth of water should be increased. The importance of different techniques of swimming in making the experience of swimming rich and fulfilling cannot be overemphasized. To be a good swimmer, it is very important to actually enjoy it. Certain exercises help to make the experience very enjoyable. One such exercise is floating on the surface of the water. this exercise requires feeling the air in the stomach and lying straight on the surface of the water. It exercise makes the swimmer feel like flying in the air. One does not need to plunge into the depth of water in order to do this exercise. Once an individual's association with water and swimming has been established with the help of such exercises, the next step is to learn deep diving. This is a very critical step in the process of learning swimming and one need s close administration and supervision in order to deter any accidents.Before starting the swimming sessions, it is important to realize that the swimming experience of a pool is different from the swimming experience of any other water reservoir e.g. river and ocean etc. Since the volume of a swimming pool is limited, there is less chance of development of large water waves that are usually encountered while swimming in a river or an ocean. This imparts a need for pool swimmers attempting to dive in a river or an ocean to take extra precautions measures which include but not limited to wearing safety jackets, goggles, clippers, and ideally oxygen cylinder.Before diving in the water, one of the precautionary measures is to fill the air in the stomach because the air filled stomach prevents a swimmer from drowning and helps the swimmer keep close to the surface. In order to go down and touch the base of a swimming pool, an individual needs do exhale all the air before diving into the water. The real challenge for a swimmer is to reach the surface of water in such a condition. In such circumstances, one should move the legs in a cyclic motion and wave the water away from right above the head with the help of both arms. Imagining the upward motion of a frog in the water helps in such a case. Still, it may take several sessions of intense exercise and practice to master the art of reaching the surface of water from the base of a reservoir. It is very important to maintain emotional balance in swimming.

Reflection Paper on The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down Essay

Reflection Paper on The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down - Essay Example In this portion of writing, the issues regarding healthcare and religious belief, practices and their challenges to healthcare professionals in The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down by Friedman are critically explained. Anne Fediman evidently conveys the two cultural differences between the Hmong customs and the contemporary society in America that includes the professional doctors. The Hmong’s beliefs were merely objectionable especially when it comes to healthcare matters. For instance, during birth, a pregnant woman would be expected to squat on the ground regardless of the untidiness of the floor then pull the child out of her womb. The mother was to ensure that the baby does not touch the dust and that the umbilical cord was to be cut by the father. In case of any problem during childbirth, Lia’s mother, Foua Yang could resort to numerous remedies regularly used by the Hmong such as shaman who was believed to have natural powers to negotiate for his patient†™s health with the spirits that lived in the dominion that was invisible (Fediman 1997). In addition, a woman would take a number of precautions to avoid childbirth predicaments such as a woman could ensure her child’s health by concentrating on her food cravings. The child’s placenta would be buried in different places of the house depending on the child’s sex. However, currently childbirth is treated with lots of precautions with the use of modern techniques as seen in the Foua’s case while giving birth to Lia in Merced Community Medical Centre where the writer describes her birth as like any American woman. She greatly doubted the American medicine in general and how they handled the childbirth differently from what she expected such as offering ice water to stop blood from flowing freely instead of warm water to facilitate blood flow from the womb and the nature of food she was given which she refused to eat. Furthermore, the Hmong believed that los s soul was one major cause of sickness and diseases to the child hence the community was to carry out several rituals to please the soul providers (Fediman 1997). Despite Lia’s cautious fixing of her soul, she was attacked by epilepsy when she was about three months old. There was a mixture of reactions due to the epilepsy since some people considered it as a great deal of social status in their community since a healing spirit would not choose somebody of no account. Nevertheless, the doctors regarded this belief as vague. The diagnosis for the epilepsy failed as Foua and Kao were strongly convinced that the issue was not an illness but an issue of spirit catches you and you fall down as they described it. Moreover, both parents and Dr Murphy believed that constant seizures increased the dangers of the epilepsy. Interestingly, the doctor after several tests could find the cause of the disease after admitting Lia in ward for some time thus recommending her discharge after pre scribing Ampicilin for pneumonia and Dilantin for the seizures (Fediman 1997). Additionally, the Hmong’s had dreadfully horrific beliefs in American doctors and their confidence towards them was low. They were convinced that the

Developing Creative Thinking in Teachers

Developing Creative Thinking in Teachers Introduction Communication is a dynamic process in which a transmitter transmits information receiver via a channel , in order to produce some effect on the receptor. Effects of transmitter on the receiver are often persuasive in nature because when we communicate the information will be understood as send us. Any information directed intentionally gets the message. This implies the existence of a recipient or acceptor and not just a receiver or collector . Also involved there is a issue, encoder or decoder court. Communication involves reversal of messages within the relationship which unites two entities, even if the messages are of the same order. Man can communicate with animals, with nature, but the most developed, evolved and of course analyzed is communication within groups of people. This implies the existence of natural or cultural structures and techniques that require organization and regulatory guidelines . Communication implies the existence of individual goals linked to other targets individuals or groups and subgroups. In a subgroup can be shaped by objectives, skills, availability and situations that cause structure. Communication within a group involves specific techniques and exercises by: group organization, group members complete interaction , reporting real and creativity of its members. Creativity is regarded as a property of the human psychic system. It is a particular dimension of personality dimension interacting many factors such as mental ( intellectual, affective, motivational, volitional, skills, attitudes), the nature of social (socio cultural, educational) and biological. This interaction gives deep complex phenomenon that is fully justified that domain experts could not reach a universally accepted definition. Most definitions of creativity subsumed visions characterized by addressing the concept of aptitude or ability to produce something new, the process to produce new or problem solving. Therefore, the literature is taken as a reference framework or personality variables or creative process or product of the act of creation itself. Modern research on creativity was born in America on her motivation is pragmatic one, namely the lack of personalities creative . The explosion was triggered studies in the field of Guilford s speech at the meeting of the American Psychological Association in 1950. This speech occur in the same year in an article that warned neglect this problem in scientific research. Guilford posted a three-dimensional model of the structure of intellect which opens early emancipation creativity from under oppressive intelligence. In his model, Guilford distinguish between convergent thinking and divergent thinking. Convergent thinking, confronted with a problem, always seek to deduct the fair way to solve them and also to obtain the unique solution : this is the kind of thought checked using conventional tests of intelligence. Divergent thinking rather seek more opportunities for settlement and this method brand new usage given state of knowledge. Guilford revealed three groups of factors involve d in creation : mobility, flexibility and elaboration. In the 1980s , creativity becomes a favorite theme applied psychology studies. A proof of the importance given to this area in the social context of those years is organizing exhibitions dedicated to creativity. This exhibition marks the time of revival of experimental studies in the psychology of creativity and the emergence of a new model and a new methodology, namely the type cognitivist. Lately studies on creativity have expanded the reference. Research revealed relationship between creative thinking and critical thinking and the role of variables such as personal style. Moreover the question of creative potential (which has varying degrees each person) and the importance of stimulation and its development. Content Creativity is a specifically human phenomenon. Most experts agree that creative potential is present in each individual, it is possible to transform it from virtuality to reality (active under the influence of an environment favorable) that stimulate and develop their creative potential. On this idea, saying that P.P. Neveanu human potential and therefore the creative is not a given size permanently. It can be stimulated by a complex socio-educational approach and organized, including simultaneous activation phenomena, training, cultivation and development through creative virtues update by passing them through effective assertion of possible real. We must not forget the distinction between creative potential (the potential latent ) and creativity (the actual act), and the distinction made by Aristotle. Otherwise we could draw hasty conclusion that as long as the premise of the original product creativity is only the privilege of adults, children and even adolescents do not possess creative potential. In fact, he still performs acts of originality, but it does mean that it has the potential. In addition, it was found that there is a specific creative potential by age, it should not be considered the childs potential by adult achievements. Complexity creativity requires the participation of a large number of factors, different in nature. May be noted, however, two types of factors: Objective factors (represented by economic and social conditions necessary for cultural climate) ; Subjective factors (represented by intellectuals factors, skills, attitudes, motivation and willpower ). Factors considered indispensable in the creative process are: flexibility, fluidity and originality. Fluidity is the richness, ease and rapidity of associations between images and ideas flow verbal fluency, rich ideation. J. Guilford fluidity distinguishes three types : verbal, ideational and expression. It considers that it is important so as quality of ideas speed. Flexibility is the effective restructuring of walking thinking in relation to new situations, the ability to easily operate transfer (perceptive plan in the figural and the conceptual) orientation and thinking ability in many different directions ( Carter ) . Guilford distinguish three types of flexibility :figural, semantic and symbolic. P.P. Neveanu consider originality with central factor in creation, since as the number of responses is greater, increase the chance of an original response. Originality defined by rarity and novelty involves interpretation and personal expression of things, common situations . A. Koestler distinguishes ordinary originality by three criteria :a) the level of consciousness that is driven activity, b ) the type of guidance that trusts subject, c ) the nature of the obstacle to be overcome. F. Barron determined following originality : the independence of the reasoning, complex views, nonconformity, rich perceptual systems, high capacity of generalization, self-confidence, authority. Originality makes the product to be characterized by novelty, singularity, freshness, uniqueness. Another factor influencing creativity is perceptive style, apprehension. This factor cognitive reaction designate how to solve problems. Creativity, both at individual and group level may be limited by a number of obstacles (blockage). Among them, in his opinion A.Cosmovici (1998 , pg 154 ) the most common are: Social jams and conformity , mistrust of fantasy, imagination, or exaggerating the value of logical reasoning and so on; Methodological bottlenecks resulting from the processes of thinking, in this category include :stiffness previous algorithms, functional fixity (using only objects according to their function and rarely recognized for another purpose) and premature criticism. Emotional blockages such as :fear of failing, of not embarrass us, rushing to accept the first idea promoted ; discourage rapid and premature , etc. . All these barriers in the way of creative and innovative attitudes event can be avoided when discussing and analyzing problems to be solved is achieved through genuine effective interpersonal and group work through a positive attitude to each group member to common task and through open communication, uncensored opinions. Such an atmosphere is provided especially when, for creativity group is calling and a number of methods and techniques that create relaxation group, less critical condition favoring free association as ideas promoted in the debate. The most effective means for overcoming inertia and psychological barriers in the process of creation is the joint creation of intuitive techniques. The most common methods are intuitive creation: Brainstorming, synectic, Panel Discussion, Philips 66, 6-3-5 method, Delphi method and method Frisco. Brainstorming, or, brain storming, it is an effective method for generating ideas group being drafted in 1948 by the A. Osborn. It is a creative deliberation with the purpose of generating and aligning a set of ideas that can serve as guidance for solving a problem in question. Basic principles of brainstorming are: Postponement of criticism (evaluation) . Osborn believes that imagination should be allowed first to soar up into the sky, then back on the ground with critical thinking ( Osborn, 1971); The need to develop as many ideas on the principle of transformation of quantity into quality. In addition to these basic principles must be respected and other rules such as encouraging the enunciation and ideas seemingly bizarre , unusual, but the analysis can be very effective, it stimulates combining and improving ideas, formulation of ideas generated so personal thinking and that of other group members. Synectics or free association is the method developed by Gordon WI and consists in combining different elements, apparently uncorrelated with the aim of releasing the constraints in the problem formulated, eliminating negative responses, annealing thinking and thinking out the template for the development of original ideas and viable. 6-3-5 method involves six people who initially formulated by 3 ideas each. Figure 5 shows the number of people who worked the first 3 ideas neighbor. The exchange of ideas is done until 3 ideas first pass by each group member. Finally, centralized management ideas and transmitted. Philips 66 method was developed by Philips and JD is actually a brain storming paticipanÃ…Â £i number is 6, and during the discussion is limited to 6 minutes. There are several groups each consisting of six members, each having a leader who realizes report ideas. Delphi method was developed by O. Helmer and consists in mutual consultation between the participants. We develop a questionnaire on the topic in question to be sent for completion of specialists. When the responses are collected. Subsequently return the questionnaires for completion this time accompanied by unarticulated responses of the other participants. Phasing ideas that deviate from the average, the circuit ending once the stabilizing responses. Frisco method aims to discover, to solve difficult problems, complex ways of solving both simple and effective. Involves the formation of two teams. Investigation team, consisting of 12 to 15 persons examined problem solving and re-imagines the classic methods, analyzes them critically and emphasizes basic difficulties. Actual creative team consisting of 5-6 experts, receiving checklist first team, trying to find solutions to enrich new or even existing ones. Lately, experts have focused on developing a program to promote the work of new ways of learning and thinking styles designed to contribute to the foundation for effective learning, sustainable and constructive. Its about promoting methods of developing students critical thinking designed to help them, through the confrontation of ideas through collaboration and cooperation to find appropriate solutions to resolve data issues. This educational program was initiated by Jeannie Steele and Kurtis Meredith in 1995 and today, through the Foundation Open Society based in New York, he is promoted in many countries of the world. In our country, one of the teachers trainers on effective learning strategies and promoting creative thinking in working with pupils and students, Ion. Dumitru, he published The development of critical thinking and effective learning ( West Publishing House, Timisoara, 2000) we present, in summary, the main features of these methods. Firstly it should be noted that, in terms of this concept, critical thinking is not to have a negative position, unrealistic, inefficient but rather critical thinking is a way to address and solve problems constructively, with the purpose of grounding and foundation opinions , rational argumentation their acceptance of their knowledge. It involves : formulation of each pupil / student of his own mind, personal, original possibly related to an issue responsible debate ideas and advanced solutions for each individual individually or as a result of group work, manifesting a high degree of flexibility, tolerance and respect for the ideas of others and thus acceptance of diversity of opinions and ideas and asking questions like what if?, what would happen when? etc. to encourage exploration of phenomena from multiple perspectives, even when some of them are only possible or probable etc . These features of critical thinking and methods used for its development a very close group creativity peculiarities and methods used for its stimulation. Thus, the main methods of developing critical thinking include: a) Think / Pair / Communicate . Based on a question from the teacher, students develop their answers individually, then in pairs to communicate to each other the answers, to listen and try to finally reach a consensus or a new response, improved following discussions; b) the cube method. Helps students to study a theme, a concept from different perspectives , it involves using a cube (real or imagined ) that has different instructions written on each side of it, as follows: Describe, Compare, Associate, Analyze, Apply, Argues. The teacher asks students to write about a particular concept or a theme through all six sides of the cube. It is preferable to follow the order presented because it leads students gradually to complex thinking. c) Technique cluster. It is a technique of teaching and learning that encourages students to think freely and openly, to highlight the various connections between ideas or to build new associations between them. Technology cluster may be used individually, but used group enables each student to become acquainted with the ideas of others, links and associations between them made by his colleagues. d) joint investigation and discussion network. It is a learning technique based on group work, activity guided by one or more questions asked by the teacher, admitting different answers, the result of choices based on arguments. This method involves: reading by students individually, text that contains ideas likely different interpretations, grouping students into pairs and their collaboration to answer one or more questions asked by the teacher to the whole class setting a discussion networks between the advocates of a position to produce the necessary arguments and counter counter-arguments supporting it. In work -based training group investigation and discussion network, several requirements must be met: encouraging participation of all group members in discussions to achieve joint investigation and summarizing the arguments of the group with the agreement of all participants, focusing on the â€Å"dismantling adverse position and arguments not personal attack. Such a method of training helps the students acquire some skills and abilities related to: receptivity to arguments offered in support of their beliefs, the ability to make assumptions about the beliefs and the beliefs of others, the ability of everyone to express open and disagreement in a problem free, creative ability as evidenced by the construction of original cognitive approaches, but also strongly motivated etc. Conclusions This brief overview of some of the methods and techniques for developing creative thinking by teachers in the activities with groups of pupils/students is able to provide just one example of their concern for creating adequate conditions to achieve effective learning, and to enhance their creative and innovative capacity. Communication is the tool by which the teacher stimulates the creativity of pupils/students and also the way they externalize their creative potential. Creation itself is the result of symbiosis of communication between teacher and student. Therefore the act of learning focus should be not on the reproduction of information transmitted, but the creation of new ideas that reflect each students personal touch. Therefore, obedience school groups and generally any grouping of scientific research conducted from the perspective of the psychology of new acquisitions can provide teachers and other professionals effective ways of optimizing the activity. These methods and techniques of research in psycho-sociology of human groups are meant to decipher various ways of investigating social groups, structures and processes that arise within it.

Response to Putins Way :: essays research papers

Putin’s Way After the fall of communism and the advent of democracy, the Soviet constitution was amended to delete the provision that the CPSU was the "leading and guiding" force in the political system. As a result, many political groups began to operate more openly in Russia. The constitution of 1993 guarantees further Russians' right to a multiparty system. Despite that â€Å"the Duma that results [today] is a democrat’s nightmare: three parties whose only ideologies are an almost slavish loyalty to President Vladimir Putin and varying degrees of nationalism, plus one made of the dregs of seven decades of totalitarian rule.† Putin’s Way examines why the â€Å"middle class did not vote as they were meant to.† In 1991, the majority of Russian people had the opportunity to cast a ballot that would truly be counted. The ballot allowed for the people to choose between Yabloko, the social-democrats, versus the Union of Right Forces (SPS), â€Å"the self-appointed guardians of Russian liberalism.† But, in the 2003 lower house elections, neither Yabloko nor the SPS received the 5% needed to get their party-list candidates into the Duma, the lower house. However, the â€Å"Liberal-Democrats,† an ultra-nationalist party led by Vladimir Zhirinovsky doubled their vote over the last election in 1999. In second place, Motherland, â€Å"a Kremlin-backed party,† led by ex-communist Sergei Glazyev, and modern nationalist, Dmitry Rogozin, won 12.7% of the vote. United Russia, the People’s Party, came in first place, winning 19 single-mandate seats and occupying 222 seats, nearly half of the seats in the Duma. The result of the 2003 elections: â€Å"three parties whose only ide ologies are an almost slavish loyalty to President Vladimir Putin and varying degrees of nationalism.† Having failed to amass votes, for the next few years, the two liberal parties will have nearly negligible influence. Putin’s Way provides a number of reasons for the unfortunate results of the election and for why the people voted the way they did. First, national/state run TV stations ignored the law that requires equal media coverage for all candidates. In secluded areas, local bosses forced government workers forced to campaign, threatening their jobs. Secondly, Yabloko and the SPS failed to raise topics such as healthy care and education, â€Å"unpopular with most Russians, but something that the newly affluent might agree with.† Thirdly, when democracy hit town, a vast separation was created between the haves and the have-nots. But, â€Å"the fact that economic growth under Mr.

Economic Analysis of The U.S. 2001-2003 Essay -- essays research paper

Economic Analysis of The U.S. 2001-2003   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Economics have many indicators to describe how it runs. The indicators can show if the economy has improved or declined. The economic indicators that will be focused on in this analysis of the United States economy from 2001 – 2003 will be the consumer price index, the imports and exports, the unemployment rate, and finally the gross domestic product. Now while most may know the meanings of the previously stated indicators, for those who don’t, they remain useless unless defined. To begin with, these indicators will have to be defined in full to aid in understanding the analysis in more detail. It will be after that that the actual analysis of the economy of the United States from 2001 – 2003 will begin.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first indicator to be discussed will be the consumer price index. The consumer price index can be described as â€Å"a price index that measures the cost of a fixed basket of goods chosen to represent the consumption pattern of individuals† . This is mainly used by the government and private sector to measure the changes of the prices that consumers deal with . Also the reference to basket refers to a collection of items representing a purchasing pattern of a typical consumer. The consumer price index has many components itself such as medical, transportation, household services, rent, durables, non-durables, apparels, food and beverage, and other services . This is relevant to show how much prices have increased from a base year .   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Imports and exports weigh heavily on how well an economy could be. Imports are defined as â€Å"a good produced in a foreign country and purchased by residents of the â€Å"home† country† . For example an import would be as if in the United States were to get some kind of certain product from another country. Exports are defined as â€Å"a good produced in the â€Å"home† country and sold in another country† . An example of this is if the United States were to sell a product to another country. Ideally speaking, imports should be less then total exports. If the total exports are more then the total imports, that means more money is being received in the homeland, if there is more importing than exporting, that means that the country will be not be gaining from the exports. The United States has a poor import to export rati... ...r will again be on the up and up, with a 3.3% in gross domestic product, showing that 2003 was going to be a positive year . The third quarter was at an astounding 8.2% showing a massive increase from the previous quarters . 2003 would be a year of higher production; in fact it was the highest producing year of the three analyzed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion, looking at these indicators, there has been am explanation of home the economy was in the years 2001-2003 in the United States. Discussed were the consumer price index, the imports and exports, the unemployment rate, and finally the gross domestic product. By seeing how these all went it will be open for people to take the given data analyzed in this paper and come up with their own interpretation of the data. This is an analysis of the United States economy for the years 2001-2003.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Works Cited 1.http://money.cnn.com/2003/11/25/news/economy/gdp/?cnn=yes 2.http://www.bls.gov/ 3.http://www.ita.doc.gov/td/industry/otea/usfth/tabcon.html 4.O’Sullivan, Arthur and Sheffrin, Steven M. Economics Principles and Tools. Third Edition. Prentice Hall. Upper Saddle, New Jersey. 2003.

Turish Visions For Sustainable Renewable Energy Environmental Sciences Essay

Today, the universe is confronting monolithic environmental challenges. Global heating and clime alteration, ozone depletion, loss of biodiversity, dirt eroding, and air and H2O pollution are planetary jobs with wide-ranging impacts on human populations. In add-on to environmental jobs, there are besides serious security issues associated with the large-scale usage of dodo and atomic fuels. Tensions arise from depletion of planetary dodo fuel resources,4 uncertainnesss in energy monetary values and energy availability,5 geopolitical tenseness caused by the concentration of oil and gas resources in a few parts of the universes and the hazard of atomic proliferation endangering planetary security.6 Political force per unit areas environing fossil fuels can take to unrest, government alterations, and even war. These state of affairss can take to extreme societal hardships.7 Therefore, increasing energy security hazards are a turning concern for developed and developing states likewise. Energy security has, hence, returned to the top of the international docket like in the 1970s8 and now is considered one of the most of import challenges to the universe s peace and security. The conventional energy paradigm is clearly incapable of work outing these important political and societal jobs. This state of affairs has called for a paradigm displacement in energy policy. As a affair of fact, a paradigm displacement in the aims of energy policy is presently taking topographic point – towards security of supply and clime change.7 Sustainability is one of the cardinal constructs of the new paradigm. Cost-efficient, sustainable energy policy should take to cut down energy usage before seeking to run into the staying demand by the cleanest means possible. The planetary tendency at the minute is towards the energy schemes built around the undermentioned hierarchy in energy options from the most sustainable to the least sustainable:9 * Energy preservation: improved energy efficiency and rational usage of energy * Increasing usage of renewable beginnings * Exploitation of un-sustainable resources utilizing low-carbon engineerings The displacement to renewable, energy-efficient and low-carbon engineerings driven by energy security and clime alteration concerns is doing progress although at a slower gait than desired. A passage from fossil fuels to a non-carbon-based economic system will more likely occur, over the longer-term.Global Trends in Renewable EnergyRenewable energy, which constitutes one of the three indispensable pillars of the new energy paradigm,10 has become a high precedence among energy policy schemes on a planetary graduated table. In most states, depending on the on-going paradigm alteration, renewable energy policies are germinating rapidly11 Many states are in the procedure of deregulating and reconstituting their electric power industries. The cardinal passage of the universes energy markets has begun. As illustrated in Table 1 and 2, a figure of developed, transitioning states, and developing states have already adopted some type of policy to advance renewable power coevals. The most common existing policy is the feed-in law13 ( feed-in duties ) , which has been enacted in many states and parts in recent old ages. There are many other signifiers of policy support for renewable power coevals, including Renewable Portfolio Standards ( RPS ) policies, direct capital investing subsidies or discounts, revenue enhancement inducements and credits, gross revenues revenue enhancement and value added revenue enhancement ( VAT ) freedoms, direct production payments or revenue enhancement credits ( i.e. , per kWh ) , green certification trading, net metering, direct public investing or funding, and public competitory command for specified measures of power coevals. In at least 66 states worldwide, policy marks for renewable energy have been implemented. Included among these states are all 27 European Union states, 29 U.S. provinces ( and D.C. ) , and 9 Canadian provinces.14 Table 3 demonstrates that most marks are for portions of Electricity production, primary energy,15 and/or concluding energy16 by a specific day of the month. Most marks aim for the 2010-2012 timeframe, although an increasing figure of marks aim for 2020. There is now an EU-wide mark of 20 per centum of concluding energy consumption17 by 2020, and a Chinese mark of 15 per centum of primary energy by 2020. Most states have set high ends for the use of renewable energy by the center of the century, but present twenty-four hours use of renewable beginnings of energy is dominated by developed states such as the United States, Germany, Spain and Denmark, every bit good Brazil and China, the taking developing states. Hydroelectric power is the dominant renewable energy due to its w idespread usage but air current energy and solar power are fast turning signifiers of renewable energy beginnings. The European Union ( EU ) is soon taking planetary action in speed uping the passage to renewable energy and a low-carbon economic system. Harmonizing to the European Energy Commissioner Andris Piebalgs, â€Å" we are at the beginning of 3rd industrial revolution – the rapid development of an wholly new energy system. We can anticipate a monolithic displacement towards a carbon-free electricity system, immense force per unit area to cut down energy ingestion and conveyance on the footing of renewable electricity The EU is heading towards the Third Industrial Revolution by doing some binding committednesss. On March 2007, European leaders signed up to a adhering EU-wide mark to beginning 20 % of their energy demands from renewables such as biomass, hydro, air current, and solar power by 2020. On 23 January 2008, the European Commission put frontward differentiated marks for each EU member province, based on their several per capita GDP. As portion of the overall mark, accomplishing at least 10 % of their conveyance fuel ingestion from bio-fuels is a adhering minimal mark for each member province. Under President Obama, the United States is besides increasing its trust on green energy: 25 % of its electricity is to be generated from renewable energy beginnings by 2025. As a effect of these new policies, planetary investing in renewable energy and the installed renewable capacity of the universe has progressively grown over the past decennary, as illustrated in Figures 1-4. 14 Harmonizing to REN21 Renewables Global Status Report, many indexs of renewable energy have shown dramatic additions in the 2000s. Annual renewable energy investing has reached $ 120 billion in 2008. Global power capacity from new renewable energy beginnings ( excepting big hydro ) expanded to 280 GW in 2008 – a 16 per centum rise from the 240 GW in 2007 and a 75 per centum addition from 160 GW in 2004, as illustrated in Table 1. The top six states were China ( 76 GW ) , The United States ( 40 GW ) , Germany ( 34 GW ) , Spain ( 22 GW ) , India ( 13 GW ) , and Japan ( 8 GW ) . The capacity in developing states grew to 119 GW or 43 per centum of entire with China ( little hydro and air current ) and India ( air current ) taking the addition. A important milepost was reached in 2008 when added power capacity from renewables in both the United States and the European Union exceeded added power capacity from conventional power ( including gas, coal, oil and atomic ) and renewables r epresented more than 50 % of sum added capacity. Harmonizing to European Photovoltaic Industry Association ( EPIA ) , planetary installed solar photovoltaic power grew by 44 per centum in 2009 funded by German subsidies. The planetary solar photovoltaic electricity ( PV ) market counted an extra addition in installed capacity of about 6.4 GW in 2009, making a entire capacity of over 20 GW worldwide. This has been the most of import one-year capacity addition of all time and is peculiarly impressive in visible radiation of the hard fiscal and economical fortunes during the past twelvemonth. Germany was the largest demand market last twelvemonth, adding 3 gigawatts ( GW ) , followed by Italy, Japan and the United States. Germany will probably stay biggest demand market in 2010, ing to the EPIA. In 2010, planetary tive installed PV capacity is expected grow by at least 40 % , while the growing is expected to increase by more than 15 % . Despite strong growing, solar power still provides merely approximately 0.5 per centum of planetary installed electricity capacity. Among new renewables ( renewables excepting big hydropower ) , wind power was the largest add-on to renewable energy capacity. Since 2000, air current power has the highest capacity of all renewables. The Global Wind Energy Council announced that the universe ‘s air current power capacity grew by 31 % in 2009, adding 37.5 gigawatts ( GW ) to convey entire installings up to 157.9 GW. The chief markets driving this important growing continue to be Asia, North America, and Europe, each of which installed more than 10 GW of new air current capacity in 2009. China was the universes largest market in 2009, more than duplicating its air current coevals capacity from 12.1 GW in 2008 to 25.1 GW at the terminal of 2009 with new capacity add-ons of 13 GW. A freshly added capacity of 1,270 MW in India and some smaller add-ons in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan make Asia the biggest regional market for wind energy in 2009, with more than 14 GW of new capacity. The U.S. air current energy market installed about 10 GW in 2009, increasing the state ‘s installed capacity by 39 % and conveying the entire installed grid-connected capacity to 35 GW. Europe, which has traditionally been the universe ‘s largest market for wind energy development, continued to see strong growing, besides transcending outlooks. In 2009, 10.5 GW were installed in Europe, led by Spain ( 2.5GW ) and Germany ( 1.9 GW ) . Italy, France, and the UK all added more than 1 GW of new air current capacity each. 39 % of all new capacity installed in 2009 was wind power, followed by gas ( 26 % ) and solar photovoltaic ( 16 % ) . Europe decommissioned more coal and atomic capacity than it installed in 2009. Take together, renewable energy engineerings account for 61 % of new power bring forthing capacity in 2009. As demonstrated, the air current energy industry has emerged as a major growing sector in a figure of states. Among developing states, China and India are progressively playing a major function in both the fabrication and installing of air current energy. While taking air current turbine makers are based in industrialized states like Denmark, Germany, and Spain, India and China have caught up really rapidly- both through edifice up their ain air current industries and through support for air current energy deployment. Within the last decennary, they managed to come on from holding no air current turbine makers to hosting taking companies capable of fabricating whole air current turbines. It should be emphasized that these states can function as of import illustrations of how leapfrogging19 is possible in footings of industrial development and engineering acceptance in the energy sector.Turkey ‘s Renewable Energy Policies and SchemesTurkey has significant renewable energy potency. Renewables make the second-largest part to domestic energy production and ingestion after coal.20 ( See Fig ure 5 ) 21 However commercial usage of renewable energy in Turkey, excepting large-scale hydropower, has non developed in proportion to its big resource base. Renewable energy usage has been dominated by big hydro and biomass ( largely wood and animate being wastes ) .20 The immense potency of Turkey in renewables like air current, solar, and geothermal has non been used expeditiously until recently22. ( See Table 4 & A ; Table 5 ) 23 Unfortunately, the usage of new renewables ( renewables excepting big hydro ) is hence still highly limited because of low growth.24 Although the absolute value of renewable energy usage grows, its portion of the Total Primary Energy Supply ( TPES ) does non increase since it does n't turn in proportion with energy ingestion as illustrated in Figure 6. So, the portion of fossil fuels continues to increase.24 In the event that Turkey continues prosecuting the same policy, it is more likely that renewable portions will go on diminishing instead than increasing. Just as, entire portion of renewable in TPES has declined depending on, chiefly, diminishing biomass usage ( Table 5 ) 23 and the turning function of natural gas in the system. It has been estimated that the portion of renewable energy will diminish to % 9 of TPES in 2020.20 As illustrated in Figure 7, the portion of installed renewable capacity in entire installed capacity dramatically decreased in the last decade.25 In add-on, Turkeys extremely supply-oriented energy policy dominated, with accent placed on guaranting extra energy supply to run into the turning demand, while the sustainability standards remained a lower precedence. Turkey is presently faced with serious environmental and energy security challenges. As illustrated in Figure 8, the portion of imported fuels continues to increase and more than approximately 70 % of the entire primary energy ingestion in the state is met by imports.25 And as illustrated in Figures 9 and 10, entire CO2 emanations are quickly increasing.25 Energy strength remains excessively high in comparing to the other OECD Countries.26 Therefore, environmental and energy security hazards continue to increase in Turkey. Turkey s energy state of affairs is obviously unsustainable and in struggle with the emerging energy paradigm every bit good as with modern-day planetary energy tendencies. Changing these unsustainable forms is one of the chief challenges for Turkey. It is clear that the bing renewable energy potency must be realized in a sensible clip period. It is a measure in the right way that determination shapers in Turkey have already on the docket to use hydro and renewable resources such as air current, and geothermic energy to run into in demand in a sustainable mode. Recently, advancement has been made with respect to renewable energy ordinances. The Electricity Market Law, which was enacted in March 2001, authorized the Energy Market Regulatory Agency ( EMRA ) to take the necessary steps to advance the use of renewable energy resources27. The First Renewable Energy Law No. 5346, entered into force in 200528. The Renewable Energy Law was a cardinal measure for beef uping the state ‘s decentralized renewable energy sector. However, much more still needs to be done. It is an pressing demand to better the state ‘s Renewable Energy Strategy. Turkey is besides seeking to take new stairss for exciting renewable energy usage and investings to speed up the passage to renewable energy. Following the passage of the Renewable Energy Law No. 5346 in May 2005, investor involvement in the renewable energy sector has risen distinctively29 This is particularly the instance in relation to the coevals of electricity through hydro workss and air current farms22. A crisp addition in the figure of license appliers for renewables has occurred. Despite a rise in the Numberss, the involvement in renewable energy undertakings was hindered by the loaners ‘ reluctance because of the uncertainness in the purchase warrants. As a consequence, the authorities introduced an of import series of amendments in 200730 and 200831. The amendment to the jurisprudence in May 2007 secured a changeless purchase monetary value for all types of renewable beginnings. Current inducements to advance renewable energy by The Electricity Market Law with No. 4628 and Renewable Energy Law with No. 5346 are shown in Table 6.32 Following these amendments important advancement has been made. As illustrat ed in Table 7, a sum of 601 renewable undertakings with a capacity of 15500 MW have been licensed by 2009.22 The attempts successfully resulted in significant additions in the air current and geothermic capacity, as illustrated in Figures 11-12. However, as Tables 4 and 7 demonstrate22 solar capacity has non developed and it clearly needs farther publicity. Therefore, a Draft Amendment to the Renewable Energy Law has late been prepared in order to supply farther inducements to the renewable energy sector. This Draft Law will turn to issues such as the finding of different purchase monetary values for the electricity produced from different types of renewable energy, simpler trade mechanism for renewable pool, and extra support in ness electro-mechanical equipment manufactured in Turkey. Harmonizing to this Draft Law, different monetary values changing from Euro Cent 5 /kwh t0 Euro Cent 18 /kwh w^ ^e applied to the purchase of eleetricity depending on the type of renew. able energy r esource used ( seeTable 8 ) .32 It is considered to be a more realistic attack than the Renewable Energy Law since it contemplates the application of higher and different monetary values depending on the type of renewable energy resources, and therefore, responds better to the demands of the sector. The purpose is chiefly to spread out the use of solar energy for bring forthing electrical energy in Turkey. However, the Last Amendment to the Renewable Energy Law has yet to be implemented. The Draft Amending Law was supposed to go through the National General Assembly on June, 2009. But it was suspended to reconsider purchase monetary values because it would make an excess load on the exchequer. It is still under treatment in the Turkish National General Assembly. Turkey is besides now at the phase of puting marks for renewable energy development. The Higher Board of Planning adopted the â€Å" Electric Energy Market and Supply Security Strategy Paper † 33 in May 2009. In this Strategy Paper, the long term primary mark is â€Å" to guarantee that the portion of renewable resources in electricity coevals is increased up to at least 30 % by 2023. † This scheme papers was published as a general route map to increase the portion of renewable energy in electricity coevals. Within the model of the Strategy Paper, long term attempts will take into consideration the following marks by 2023: * Ensure that available technically and economically hydro- electric potency is to the full utilised, * Increase installed weave energy power to 20,000 MW, * Commission all geothermic potency of 600 MW that is presently considered as suited for electric production, * Generalize the usage of solar energy for bring forthing energy and guarantee maximal use of state potency, * Follow and implement closely technological progresss in the usage of solar energy for electricity coevals, * Amend consequently the Law No. 5346 to promote coevals of electricity utilizing solar energy, * Prepare and bring forth programs that will take into history the possible alterations in use potencies of other renewable energy resources based on technological and legislative developments and in instance of additions, use of such resources, portion of fossil fuels and peculiarly of imported resource, will be reduced consequently. Recently, the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources prepared its Strategic Plan covering the period between 2010 and 2014.25 Increasing the portion of renewable energy resources is one of the programs ends to supply energy supply security. Near-term marks are the undermentioned: * The hydro electricity programs of 5,000 MW under building will be completed by 2013. * The air current works installed capacity, which was 802.8 MW as of 2009, will be increased up to 10,000 MW by 2015. * The installed capacity for the geothermal works will be increased from 77.2 MW in 2009 up to 300 MW by 2015. Both of this long term and close term scheme programs are non, on their ain, lawfully adhering. It is, nevertheless, expected that their commissariats will be incorporated into future ordinances and statute law.ConsiderationsAlthough Turkey has important renewable energy resources for electricity production, this potency has non yet been used expeditiously. The legislator in Turkey has taken of import stairss in order to advance the usage of renewable energy resources in the production of electricity and to promote the investings in this market. However, Turkey is doing comparatively slow advancement in the realisation of its purposes of renewable energy. The ground for this is that policies and steps adopted in the state taking to heighten the usage of renewable energy beginnings are chiefly driven by the demands of the EU accession procedure. It seems that Turkey could n't internalise the new energy paradigm specifically plenty, although it has adapted to the EUs ordinances. First of wholly, the paradigm alteration should right be understood and internalized by the Turkish authorities. This would let the authorities to put up a legal and institutional model conducive to this new energy paradigm, draws up the specifications of what the energy system of the hereafter should look like, and formulate policy following the new energy paradigm. Second, the administrative staff should be educated and trained on how to implement and internalise the new energy paradigm, because one of the cardinal facets of this procedure is a conceptual re-invention of how energy ingestion and production is done and how the related establishments operate. Turkey should set about comprehensive attempts to get rid of the failings in its policies and ordinances and how they are implemented. It is a race against the clip as prima states compete with each other in this race towards the Third Industrial Revolution. If Turkey does n't desire to lose out on the Third Industrial Revolution, and if it wants to catch up with taking developing states, such as China and India, which managed to catch up with the developed states, it should instantly speed up the passage procedure to renewable energy. Technological leapfrogging is one of the ways to accomplish this goal.34 From a conventional point of position, developing states passively adopt engineering as standard merchandises, which have been developed in industrial states. However, leapfrogging represents an attractive option for these late industrializing states. The function of technological leapfrogging within a sustainable development context35 is non automatic, since leapfrogging entirely does non vouch or even promote prosperity. However, from a more philosophical position, it has been argued that there is, in fact, no option to leapfrogging for developing countries.36 If these states do non try to update their engineerings, they face exclusion from the planetary mainstream economic tendencies every bit good as continued want and poorness for their people. Turkey should besides non reiterate the energy history of the industrialised countries37. Similarly to the success narratives of the Indian and Chinese air current i ndustries, leapfrogging chances may besides be for Turkey with its huge potency of renewable resources. Decision shapers in Turkey should internalise the construct of leapfrogging as an built-in portion of their renewable energy vision and should seek to implement its many possible applications. However, in order to protect the investing of the state ‘s scarce resources available for advanced engineerings, as is the instance in most underdeveloped states, and to separate between fortunes where leapfrogging may or may non be successful, careful and elaborate analyses should be carried out.Endnotes1. Rajni Bakshi, â€Å" A new energy paradigm, † The Hindu, Online edition of Indias National Newspaper, Dec. 24, 2000. 2. Amulya Kumar N. Reddy, â€Å" Development, Energy and Environment Alternative Paradigms † , retreived from hypertext transfer protocol: //amulya-reddy.org.in 3. P. D. Rakin and R. M. Margolis, â€Å" Global Energy, Sustain ability, and the Conventional Development Paradigm, † Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, Vol. 20, No. 4, ( 1998 ) , pp. 363-383. 4. Hal Turton and Leonardo Barreto, â€Å" Long-run security of energy supply and clime alteration, † Vol. 34. No. 15 ( October, 2006 ) , pp. 2232-2250. 5. Eshita Gupta, â€Å" Oil exposure index of oil-importing states, † Energy Policy, Vol. 36, ( January, 2008 ) , pp. 1195-1211. 6. James P. Dorian, Herman T Franssen and Dale R. Simbeck, â€Å" Global challenges in energy, † Energy Policy, Vol. 34, No. 15 ( October, 2006 ) , pp. 1984-1991. 7. Valeria Costantini, Francesco Gracceva, Anil Markandya and Giorgia Vicini, â€Å" Security of energy supply: Comparing scenarios from a European position, † Energy Policy, Vol. 35, No. 1 ( January, 2007 ) , pp. 210-226. 8. William J. Nuttall and Devon L. Manz M. Totten, â€Å" A New Energy Security Paradigm for the Twenty- First Century, † EPRG Working Paper, retrieved May 1, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //wwweprg.group.cam.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2008/ll/eprg0731.pdf 9. Energy Policy Statement: 09/03, Institution of Mechanical Engineers retrieved May 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.imeche.Org/NR/rdonlyres/9C7E8DCD-150C-4ECA-A387-D71DEAAAAFAD/0/Energy HierarchylMechEPolicy.p df 10. Jeremy Rifkin, â€Å" Leading the Way to the Third Industrial Revolution and a New Social Europe in the twenty-first Century, † European TIR Paper, retrieved May, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //wwwfoet.org/packet/ European.pdf. 11. Roland Menges, â€Å" Supporting renewable energy on liberalised markets: green electricity between additionality and consumer sovereignty, † Energy Policy, Vol. 31 ( 2003 ) , pp. 583-596. 12. REN 2! ( Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21th Century ) , â€Å" Renewables Global Status Report 2009 Update, † retrieved May, 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ren21.net/pdf/RE_GSR_2009_Update.pdf 13. A legal duty on public-service corporations to buy electricity from renewable beginnings. 14. REN 2! ( Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21th Century ) , â€Å" Renewables Global Status Report 2007, † retrieved on May 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ren21.net/globalstatusreport/g2007.asp. 15. Energy that has non been subjected to any transition or transmutation procedure. 16. Form of energy available to the user following the transition from primary energy bearers such as rough oil, natural gas, atomic energy, coal and regenerative energies. 17. Sum of the energy supplied to the concluding user for all energy utilizations. 18. A. Piebalgs, Energy Commissioner, â€Å" European Response to energy challenges? Address at the EU Energy and Environment Law and Policy Conf Brussels ( January 22, 2009 ) , retrieved May, 20 10, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.energypolicyblog.com/2009/02/ 10/european-union-at-the-eve-of-the-thirdindustrial-revolution % E2 % 80 % 9D/ . 19. 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